[Lung transplant with ex vivo lung perfusion, Chilean and Latin American first experience]. / Trasplante pulmonar ex vivo . Primera experiencia en Chile y Latinoamérica.

BACKGROUND: The number of patients waiting for a lung transplant worldwide greatly exceeds the number of available donors. Ex vivo lung perfusion is a useful tool that allows marginal donor lungs to be evaluated and reconditioned for a successful lung transplantation. AIM: To describe the first Chilean and Latin American experience in ex vivo lung perfusion for marginal donor lungs before transplantation. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Descriptive analysis of all ex vivo lung perfusion conducted for marginal donor lungs at a private clinic, from April 2019 to October 2020. High risk donor lungs and rejected lungs from other transplantation centers were included. The "Toronto Protocol" was used for ex vivo lung perfusion. Donor lung characteristics and recipient outcomes were studied. RESULTS: During the study period, five ex vivo lung perfusions were performed. All lungs were reconditioned and transplanted. No complications were associated. There were no primary graft dysfunctions and only one chronic allograft dysfunction. There was no mortality during the first year. The median arterial oxygen partial pressure/fractional inspired oxygen ratio increased from 266 mm Hg in the donor lung to 419 after 3 hours of ex vivo lung perfusion (p = 0.043). CONCLUSIONS: ex vivo lung perfusion is a safe and useful tool that allows marginal donor lungs to be reconditioned and successfully transplanted.

Resección por videotoracoscopía de nódulos pulmonares marcados con lipiodol: experiencia en dos centros universitarios / Videotoracoscopy resection of pulmonary nodules marked with lipiodol: experience in two university centers

INTRODUCCIÓN: Para facilitar la localización intraoperatoria de los nódulos pulmonares existe la alternativa de marcarlos previamente con lipiodol. OBJETIVO: Describir los resultados quirúrgicos de los pacientes sometidos a resección por videotoracoscopía de nódulos pulmonares marcados previamente con lipiodol. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Estudio descriptivo. Se incluyeron los pacientes que fueron sometidos a resección por videotoracoscopía de nódulos pulmonares marcados con lipiodol, en Clínica Las Condes e Instituto Nacional del Tórax, entre junio de 2012 y junio de 2019. Se consideraron variables demográficas, radiológicas, quirúrgicas e histológicas. RESULTADOS: Se estudió un total de 93 pacientes. La edad promedio fue 63,5 (± 11,9) años. El tamaño promedio de los nódulos fue de 10,7 (± 5,8) mm. Se identificó y extrajo el 100% de los nódulos marcados. Los días de hospitalización promedio fueron 4,7 (± 6,9). Solo se registró un fallecimiento de causa no quirúrgica. CONCLUSIONES: La resección videotoracoscópica de nódulos pulmonares marcados previamente con lipiodol, es una técnica segura y eficaz.

BACKGROUND: To facilitate the intraoperative location of lung nodules there is the alternative of pre-marking them with lipiodol. OBJECTIVE: To describe the surgical results of patients undergoing videotoracoscopy resection of pulmonary nodules previously marked with lipiodol. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Descriptive study. Patients who underwent videotorcoscopy resection of pulmonary nodules marked with lipiodol were included at Clínica Las Condes and Instituto Nacional del Tórax between June 2012 and June 2019. Demographic, radiological, surgical and histological variables were considered. RESULTS: A total of 93 patients were studied. The average age was 63,5 (± 11.9) years. The average size of the nodules was 10.7 (± 5.8) mm. 100% of the marked nodules were identified and extracted. The average hospitalization days were 4.7 (± 6.9). Only one death of non-surgical cause was recorded. CONCLUSIONS: Videotoracoscopic resection of pulmonary nodules previously marked with lipiodol is a safe and effective technique.

Manejo de los nódulos pulmonares subsólidos: resultados quirúrgicos basados en algoritmo local / Pulmonary subsolid nodules: surgical outcomes based on institutional algorithm

INTRODUCCIÓN: en la actualidad no existe un consenso respecto al manejo de los nódulos pulmonares subsólidos (NPSS). OBJETIVO: describir los resultados del manejo quirúrgico de los NPSS, basados en un algoritmo local. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: estudio descriptivo de corte transversal. Se revisaron las fichas clínicas electrónicas de los pacientes operados por NPSS, sugerentes de ser malignos, a juicio de un equipo multidisciplinario, entre enero de 2014 y enero de 2018, en el Departamento de Cirugía de Adultos de Clínica Las Condes. RESULTADOS: se estudió un total de 35 pacientes. La edad promedio fue de 65,8 años. El tamaño promedio de los nódulos fue de 15 mm. Todos los pacientes fueron abordados por cirugía videotoracoscópica asistida. El 88,6% de las biopsias demostró la presencia de una neoplasia maligna. CONCLUSIONES: la adopción de un algoritmo local, instituido por un equipo multidisciplinario, es una alternativa para el manejo adecuado de los portadores de NPSS.

BACKGROUND: Nowadays, there is no consensus in the management of pulmonary subsolid nodules (SSNs). AIM: describe the results of surgical management of SSNs, based on institutional algorithm. MATERIAL AND METHODS: cross-sectional, descriptive study, with revision of clinical electronic records, that included all patients intervened for SSNs, suggestive of malignancy, by the judgment of a multi-disciplinary team, from January 2014 to January 2018 at the Department of Adult Surgery, Clinica Las Condes. RESULTS: 35 patients were studied. The average age was 65.8 years. The average size of the nodules was 15 mm. All patients were approached by video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery. 88.6% of biopsies turned out to be malignant neoplasm. CONCLUSIONS: the acquisition of a local algorithm established by a multidisciplinary team is an appropriate alternative for the management of the patients with SSNs.

Experiencia en trasplante pulmonar pediátrico en Chile / Experience with pediatric lung transplantation in Chile

El trasplante de pulmón (TP) es una opción para pacientes pediátricos con enfermedades pulmonares terminales. OBJETIVO: Evaluar resultados y sobrevida de pacientes pediátricos trasplantados de pulmón. MÉTODOS: Análisis retrospectivo de registros clínicos de pacientes TP ≤ 15 años de Clínica Las Condes. Se analizaron datos demográficos, tipo de trasplante, función pulmonar basal y post trasplante, complicaciones precoces y tardías y sobrevida. RESULTADOS: Nueve pacientes < 15 años de edad se han trasplantado. La edad promedio fue 12,7 años. La principal indicación fue fibrosis quística (7 pacientes). El IMC promedio fue de 17,6 y todos estaban con oxígeno domiciliario. El 77% utilizó soporte extracorpóreo intraoperatorio. Las principales complicaciones precoces fueron hemorragia y la disfunción primaria de injerto mientras que las tardías fueron principalmente las infecciones y la disfunción crónica de injerto. Cuatro pacientes han fallecido y la sobrevida a dos años fue de 85%. El trasplante les permitió una reinserción escolar y 3 lograron completar estudios universitarios. CONCLUSIÓN: El trasplante pulmonar es una alternativa para niños con enfermedades pulmonares avanzadas mejorando su sobrevida y calidad de vida.

Lung transplantation (TP) is a treatment option in children with terminal lung diseases. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the results and survival of pediatrics lung transplant patients. METHODS: Retrospective analysis of clinical records of lung transplantation of patients ≤ 15 years from Clínica Las Condes, Santiago, Chile. Demographic data, type of transplant, baseline and post transplant lung function, early and late complications and survival rate were analyzed. RESULTS: Nine patients ≤ 15 years-old were transplanted. The average age at transplant was 12.7 years. The main indication was cystic fibrosis (7 patients). The average BMI was 17.6 and all the patients were with home oxygen therapy. 77% used extracorporeal intraoperative support. Average baseline FEV1 was 25.2% with progressive improvement in FEV1 of 77% in the first year. The main early complications were hemorrhage and primary graft dysfunction, while late complications were infections and chronic graft dysfunction. Four patients have died and the estimated 2 years survival was 85%. They achieved school reinsertion and three managed to complete university studies. CONCLUSION: Lung transplantation is an alternative for children with advanced lung diseases improving their survival and quality of life.

Trasplante pulmonar ex vivo: primera experiencia en Chile y Latinoamérica / Lung transplant with ex vivo lung perfusion, Chilean and Latin American first experience

Background: The number of patients waiting for a lung transplant worldwide greatly exceeds the number of available donors. Ex vivo lung perfusion is a useful tool that allows marginal donor lungs to be evaluated and reconditioned for a successful lung transplantation. Aim: To describe the first Chilean and Latin American experience in ex vivo lung perfusion for marginal donor lungs before transplantation. Material and Methods: Descriptive analysis of all ex vivo lung perfusion conducted for marginal donor lungs at a private clinic, from April 2019 to October 2020. High risk donor lungs and rejected lungs from other transplantation centers were included. The "Toronto Protocol" was used for ex vivo lung perfusion. Donor lung characteristics and recipient outcomes were studied. Results: During the study period, five ex vivo lung perfusions were performed. All lungs were reconditioned and transplanted. No complications were associated. There were no primary graft dysfunctions and only one chronic allograft dysfunction. There was no mortality during the first year. The median arterial oxygen partial pressure/fractional inspired oxygen ratio increased from 266 mm Hg in the donor lung to 419 after 3 hours of ex vivo lung perfusion (p = 0.043). Conclusions: ex vivo lung perfusion is a safe and useful tool that allows marginal donor lungs to be reconditioned and successfully transplanted.

Caracterización de nódulos pulmonares resecados. Experiencia de manejo por un programa multidisciplinario / Features of excised pulmonary nodules in 100 patients

Background: Pulmonary nodules are common, and surgery is the only alternative that allows a diagnostic and therapeutic management in a single procedure. Aim: To report the epidemiological, radiological, surgical and pathological features of excised pulmonary nodules. Material and Methods: Review of medical records of patients in whom a pulmonary nodule was excised between 2014 and 2018. Those with incomplete data or without a pathological study were excluded from analysis. Results: We retrieved 108 records and 8 had to be excluded, therefore 100 patients aged 34 to 82 years (57% females) were analyzed. Sixty percent had a history of smoking. Mean nodule size was 16 mm and the solid type was the most common (65%). Forty five percent of nodules had irregular margins and 55% were in the superior lobes. All patients operated by video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery and 40% underwent a lobectomy. Malignant lesions were observed in 87% of biopsies and a pulmonary adenocarcinoma was found in pathology in 40%. Conclusions: A multidisciplinary approach of pulmonary nodules, using adapted international guidelines, accomplishes an appropriate management, decreasing unnecessary surgical interventions.

[Features of excised pulmonary nodules in 100 patients]. / Caracterización de nódulos pulmonares resecados. Experiencia de manejo por un programa multidisciplinario.

BACKGROUND: Pulmonary nodules are common, and surgery is the only alternative that allows a diagnostic and therapeutic management in a single procedure. AIM: To report the epidemiological, radiological, surgical and pathological features of excised pulmonary nodules. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Review of medical records of patients in whom a pulmonary nodule was excised between 2014 and 2018. Those with incomplete data or without a pathological study were excluded from analysis. RESULTS: We retrieved 108 records and 8 had to be excluded, therefore 100 patients aged 34 to 82 years (57% females) were analyzed. Sixty percent had a history of smoking. Mean nodule size was 16 mm and the solid type was the most common (65%). Forty five percent of nodules had irregular margins and 55% were in the superior lobes. All patients operated by video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery and 40% underwent a lobectomy. Malignant lesions were observed in 87% of biopsies and a pulmonary adenocarcinoma was found in pathology in 40%. CONCLUSIONS: A multidisciplinary approach of pulmonary nodules, using adapted international guidelines, accomplishes an appropriate management, decreasing unnecessary surgical interventions.

Trasplante pulmonar en niños y adolescentes: Experiencia Clínica Las Condes / Lung transplantation in children and adolescents: Experience at Clinica Las Condes

Objective: To assess the outcome of patients ≤ 20 years old subjected to lung transplantation. Methods: Retrospective analysis of clinical records of these patients at Las Condes Clinic, Santiago de Chile. Results: Ten patients ≤ 20 years old have been subjected to lung transplantation. The median age at transplant was 15.8 years. The main indication was cystic fibrosis in 8 patients. The average baseline FEV1 was 31.3% of its reference value with progressive improvement in FEV1 being 76,3% after one year and 75,3% after two years, Early complications were infections and rejection. Late complications were mainly viral infections. Six patients achieved to continue their studies. Survival rate at 30 days, 1 and 5 years were 80, 70 and 58% respectively. Conclusion: Lung transplantation is an alternative for children and adolescents with advanced lung disease with acceptable results in long-term survival.

Sólo 45 centros en el mundo desarrollan trasplantes pulmonares en niños. Objetivo: Evaluar resultados de pacientes ≤ 20 años trasplantados de pulmón. Material y Método: Análisis retrospectivo de registros clínicos de estos pacientes en Clínica Las Condes. Resultados: Diez pacientes ≤ 20 años han sido trasplantados de pulmón. La edad promedio al momento del trasplante fue de 15,8 años. La principal indicación fue fibrosis quística en 8 pacientes. El VEF1 promedio basal fue de 31,3% de su valor de referencia, con mejoría progresiva post-trasplante siendo al año de 76,7% y a los 2 años de 75%, Complicaciones precoces fueron infecciones y rechazo. Complicaciones tardías fueron principalmente infecciones de origen viral. Seis pacientes lograron continuar sus estudios. La sobrevida a 30 días, al 1er y 5º año fue de 80%,70% y 58% respectivamente. Conclusión: El trasplante pulmonar es una alternativa válida en niños y adolescentes con enfermedades pulmonares avanzadas con resultados aceptables a largo plazo.

[Positron emission tomography/computed tomography for lung cancer staging]. / Rendimiento del Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography (PET/CT) en etapificación de cáncer pulmonar.

BACKGROUND: PET/CT (Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography) is widely used in nodal and metastatic staging of lung cancer patients. AIM: To analyze PET/CT detection of metastatic disease in patients with lung cancer. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We reviewed retrospectively F18Fluorodeoxyglucose PET/CT scans performed between December 2008 and December 2013. We selected 143 patients aged 30 to 92 years (63% males) with confirmed lung cancer referred for staging, with no previous treatment. We reviewed whole body PET/CT and brain magnetic resonance images. SUVmax (Standardized Uptake Value maximum) of primary pulmonary lesion, hilar/mediastinal nodes, and distant metastases were calculated. RESULTS: Histological types encountered were adenocarcinoma in 55%, squamous-cell in 15%, small-cell in 8%, large-cell in 6% and adeno-squamous in 2%. In 22 cases (15%) histology was not available. Nodal involvement was observed in 60% of patients (44% hilar and 48% mediastinal). Skip metastases (mediastinal involvement without hilum involvement) were encountered in 17% of cases, and were significantly more common among high uptake lung tumors (p < 0.01). Best SUVmax cut-off for node involvement was 4.4 for hilum and 4.0 for mediastinum (sensibility: 86.4%, specificity: 99.8%). Sixty six patients (46.2%) showed distant metastases on PET/CT. The most common metastases were osseous in 22%, adrenal in 16%, hepatic in14%, pulmonary in 14% and cerebral in 12%. PET/CT detected a second unexpected synchronic cancer in eight patients (6%). CONCLUSIONS: PET/CT is accurate for nodal staging using an uptake index as SUVmax. Distant metastases are common, especially in bone, adrenal glands and liver.

Caso clínico: hemangioma esclerosante (neumocitoma) pulmonar / Clinical case: lung sclerosing hemangioma (pneumo cytoma)

El objetivo de este artículo es presentar un caso de raro de tumor pulmonar benigno, hemangioma esclerosante (neumocitoma), en una mujer de 24 años, asintomática, con hallazgo radiológico incidental. Se describen las características clínicas, imagenológicos y anátomo-patológicos de la entidad, con una breve revisión bibliográfica.

We present a rare case of benign lung neoplasia, sclerosing hemangioma (pneumocytoma), in a woman 24 years old, asymptomatic, with radiological incidental find. The clinical, imaging and pathological features of the entity are described, with brief bibliographic review.

Rendimiento del Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography (PET/CT) en etapificación de cáncer pulmonar / Positron emission tomography/computed tomography for lung cancer staging

Background: PET/CT (Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography) is widely used in nodal and metastatic staging of lung cancer patients. Aim: To analyze PET/CT detection of metastatic disease in patients with lung cancer. Material and Methods: We reviewed retrospectively F18Fluorodeoxyglucose PET/CT scans performed between December 2008 and December 2013. We selected 143 patients aged 30 to 92 years (63% males) with confirmed lung cancer referred for staging, with no previous treatment. We reviewed whole body PET/CT and brain magnetic resonance images. SUVmax (Standardized Uptake Value maximum) of primary pulmonary lesion, hilar/mediastinal nodes, and distant metastases were calculated. Results: Histological types encountered were adenocarcinoma in 55%, squamous-cell in 15%, small-cell in 8%, large-cell in 6% and adeno-squamous in 2%. In 22 cases (15%) histology was not available. Nodal involvement was observed in 60% of patients (44% hilar and 48% mediastinal). Skip metastases (mediastinal involvement without hilum involvement) were encountered in 17% of cases, and were significantly more common among high uptake lung tumors (p < 0.01). Best SUVmax cut-off for node involvement was 4.4 for hilum and 4.0 for mediastinum (sensibility: 86.4%, specificity: 99.8%). Sixty six patients (46.2%) showed distant metastases on PET/CT. The most common metastases were osseous in 22%, adrenal in 16%, hepatic in14%, pulmonary in 14% and cerebral in 12%. PET/CT detected a second unexpected synchronic cancer in eight patients (6%). Conclusions: PET/CT is accurate for nodal staging using an uptake index as SUVmax. Distant metastases are common, especially in bone, adrenal glands and liver.

Neoplasias epiteliales del timo: timoma y carcinoma tímico: caracterización, tratamiento y variables asociadas a supervivencia / Thymic epithelial tumors. Retrospective review of 54 patients

Background: Thymic epithelial tumors are uncommon and can be associated with myasthenia gravis. Aim: To describe variables associated with survival and treatment of thymic epithelial tumors. Material and Methods: Retrospective review of surgical databases of a respiratory diseases hospital, identifying patients operated for a thymic epithelial tumor between 2000 and 2010. Follow up lasted from 12 to 156 months and information was obtained from medical records and death certificates of the Chilean national identification service. Results: Data from 54 patients aged 52.5 +/- 16.4 years (33 women) was retrieved. Forty two patients were symptomatic and 47 were subjected to resective surgery. The pathological diagnosis was thymoma in 46 cases and thymic carcinoma in eight. Fourteen patients had postoperative complications and one died. Mean survival time was 101.8 +/- 10.2 months. One, three and five years survival was 90.7 +/- 3.9, 81.4 +/- 5.7 and 71.8 +/- 8.2 percent, respectively. Preoperative performance status of patients, histological type of the tumor and associated myasthenia gravis were predictors of survival. Conclusions: More commonly, thymic epithelial tumors appear in women, their histological type corresponds to thymomas and their resection is feasible.

Objetivos: Describir características, tratamiento y variables asociadas a supervivencia de neoplasias epiteliales del Timo (NET). Material y Método: Revisión retrospectiva de pacientes con NET. Período: enero de 2000 - agosto de 2010. Se describen características, tratamiento, morbilidad, mortalidad y supervivencia global. Se comparó supervivencias según variables seleccionadas. Se utilizó programa SPSS 15.0. Se consideró significativo p < 0,05. Resultados: 54 pacientes, 33 mujeres, edad promedio 52,5 años. Sintomáticos 42 pacientes. Se realizó cirugía resectiva en 47. Histología: 46 Timomas y 8 Carcinomas Tímicos. Complicaciones en 14 y 1 falleció. Rango seguimiento: 12-156 meses. Tiempo promedio supervivencia 101,8 +/- 10,2 meses. Supervivencia global a 1, 3 y 5 años: 90,7 +/- 3,9 por ciento, 81,4 +/- 5,7 por ciento y 71,8 +/- 8,2 por ciento respectivamente. Se encontraron variables asociadas a supervivencia. Conclusiones: Las NET son más frecuentes en mujeres, la mayoría son sintomáticos e histológicamente son timoma. La cirugía es resectiva en la mayoría. Se identifican variables asociadas a supervivencia.

Caracterización y resultados inmediatos en pacientes con tratamiento quirúrgico de bocio intratorácico / Characterization and immediate results in patients with surgical treatment of intrathoracic goiter

Objectives: To describe characteristics and immediate results of surgical treatment of patients with intrathoracic goiter (ITG). Methods: Retrospective review. Period: October 2003 - March 2010. We describe general characteristics, morbidity and mortality. Results: 33 patients, 23 women, mean age 59.1 +/- 14.3 years. Preoperative thyroid function: 32 euthyroid and 1 hyperthyroid. Asymptomatic 10 patients. ITG rate: 31 cervico-mediastinal and 2 mediastinal. Approach: 24 cervicotomy, 7 cervicotomy and sternotomy and 2 sternotomy. Type of resection: 19 total thyroidectomy and 14 subtotal thyroidectomy. Histology: 29 benign and 4 malignant neoplasms. Postoperative stay: median of 4.5 days. Complications in 12 patients: 10 hypo-parathyroidism (9 transient and 1 permanent), 2 dysphonia, 2 cervical hematoma (one redo), 1 wound infection and 1 ventilator associated pneumonia. One patient died (pneumonia). Conclusions: The ITG is more common in women, most are euthyroid and may be asymptomatic. Most can be resected by cervicotomy. The histology is benign in most but may represent malignancies. The surgery is not free of morbidity and mortality.

Objetivos: Describir características y resultados inmediatos del tratamiento quirúrgico de pacientes con Bocio Intratorácico (BIT). Material y Método: Revisión retrospectiva. Período: octubre de 2003 - marzo de 2010. Se describen características generales y morbi-mortalidad. Resultados: 33 pacientes, 23 mujeres, edad promedio 59,1 +/- 14,3 años. Comorbilidades: 12 hipertensos y 1 diabético. Función tiroidea preoperatoria: 32 eutiroideos y 1 hipertiroideo. Asintomáticos 10 pacientes. Tipo BIT: 31 cérvico-mediastínicos y 2 mediastínicos. Abordaje: 24 cervicotomía, 7 cervicotomía más esternotomía y 2 esternotomía. Tipo de resección: 19 tiroidectomía total y 14 tiroidectomía subtotal. Histología: 29 benignos y 4 neoplasias malignas. Estadía postoperatoria: mediana de 4,5 días. Complicaciones en 12 pacientes: 10 hipoparatiroidismos (9 transitorios y 1 permanente), 2 disfonías, 2 hematomas cervicales (uno se reexploró), 1 infección herida operatoria y 1 neumonía asociada a ventilación mecánica. Fallece un paciente (neumonía). Conclusiones: El BIT es más frecuente en mujeres, la mayoría son eutiroideos y pueden ser asintomáticos. La mayoría pueden ser resecados por cervicotomía. La histología es benigna en la mayoría aunque pueden corresponder a neoplasias malignas. La cirugía no está exenta de morbi-mortalidad.

Empiema paraneumónico: caracterización y factores asociados a morbi-mortalidad en 242 casos tratados quirúrgicamente / Parapneuminic empyema: characterization and factors associated with morbility and mortality in 242 surgical cases

Objectives: To describe and evaluate factors associated with morbidity and mortality in surgically treated parapneumonic empyemas (PNE). Method: Retrospective review between January 2000 and August 2006. We described clinical features and we performed univariate and multivariate analysis to find the factors associated with morbidity and mortality. SPSS 15.0 program was used in the statistical analysis. Results: 242 of 343 surgically treated empyemas (70.6 percent) were paraneumonic. Of these 165 (68.2 percent were men, average age 52.1 years, 229 (94.6 percent were community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) and 13 (5.4 percent) nosocomial. Germs were isolated in pleural fluid in 57 (23.6 percent). Surgical procedures were: 183 (75.6 percent decortications, 49 (20.2 percent pleurotomies, 7 (2.9 percent video-assisted surgery and 3 (1.2 percent decortications with pulmonary resection. Complications occurred in 65 cases (26.9 percent) and 16 patients died (6.6 percent). We found variables associated with morbidity and mortality. Conclusions: PNE is the most common cause of empyema, mostly associated with CAP and germs are difficult to identify. Decortication is the most common surgical treatment. Morbidity and mortality are present. Variables associated with morbidity and mortality were identified in this clinical series.

Objetivos: Describir las características y evaluar los factores asociados a morbi-mortalidad en el empiema paraneumónico (EPN) tratado quirúrgicamente. Método: Revisión retrospectiva entre Enero 2000 y Agosto 2006. Se describen características y factores asociados a morbi-mortalidad, se realizó análisis univariado y multivariado utilizando programa SPSS 15.0. Resultados: 242 pacientes tenían EPN (70,6 por ciento de los empiemas tratados), 165 (68,2 por ciento) fueron hombres, edad promedio 52,1 años, 229 (94,6 por ciento) fueron neumonías adquiridas en la comunidad (NAC) y 13 (5,4 por ciento intrahospitalarias. Se aisló gérmenes en líquido pleural en 57 (23,6 por ciento). Se realizaron 183 (75,6 por ciento) decorticaciones, 49 (20,2 por ciento) pleurotomías, 7 (2,9 por ciento), cirugías video-asistidas y 3 (1,2 por ciento decorticaciones con resección pulmonar. Presentaron complicaciones 65 (26,9 por ciento. Fallecieron 16 pacientes (6,6 por ciento). Se identificaron variables asociadas a morbi-mortalidad. Conclusiones: El EPN es la causa más frecuente de empiema, la mayoría está asociado a NAC y en pocos se identifican gérmenes. La decorticación es el procedimiento más frecuente. Se identificaron las variables asociadas a morbi-mortalidad en esta serie clínica.

Lobectomía por VATS / Video-thoracoscopic lobectomy

Introduction: In the past two decades the advances in minimally invasive surgery have revolutionized surgical practices in all subspecialties. In pulmonary resections lobectomy by assisted video-thoracoscopy (VATS) has demonstrated to have less perioperative complications, less inflammatory response and similar oncological results in comparison with lobectomy by thoracotomy. Methods and Patients: We present a retrospective study of 30 patients subjected to lobectomy by VATS. Diagnoses, complications intra and post-surgery, bleeding, conversion to thoracotomy, operatory time, lymphoadenectomy, pleurostomy and hospitalization time, were the variables analyzed. Results: 90 percent of the 30 patients (n = 27) had an oncological diagnosis, the remainder patients had benign lesions (n = 3), all of them presented bronchiectasis. TNM staging showed equal distribution for stages I and II. We obtained on average 13 nodes by lymphoadenoectomy (range: 9 to 18 nodes). Operatory time was 124 min on average. With respect to complications 50 percent of them (n = 3) bleed more than 1,000 mL. The conversion rate in our series was 16.5 percent (n = 5). Pleurostomy lasted 4.09 days on average (range: 2 to 9 days). There was no mortality in our series. Conclusion: In our series, lobectomy by VATS had equal range of intra and post- surgery complications as compared to toracotomy. We believe that our study demonstrates a benefit in the recovery time of our patients.

Introducción: En las últimas dos décadas los avances en cirugía mínimamente invasiva han revolucionado la práctica quirúrgica en todas las subespecialidades. En resecciones pulmonares la lobectomía por videotoracoscopía (VATS), en comparación con resecciones por toracotomía, ha demostrado, además del menor número de complicaciones perioperatorias, una menor respuesta inflamatoria y equivalencia en resultados oncológicos. Pacientes y Métodos: Se presenta una serie retrospectiva de 30 pacientes en quienes se realizó una lobectomía por VATS. Se analizan los resultados con respecto a complicaciones quirúrgicas y postquirúrgicas y considerando variables de diagnóstico, linfadenectomía, sangrado quirúrgico, conversión a toracotomía, tiempo operatorio, días de estadía y días con pleurostomía. Resultados: Las indicaciones quirúrgicas de nuestra serie fueron en un 90 por ciento (n = 27) por patología neoplásica, el 10 por ciento restante (n = 3) correspondió a patología benigna (bronquiectasias). La etapificación TNM dentro del subgrupo de cáncer pulmonar se distribuyó homogéneamente entre las etapas I y II. La linfadenectomía obtuvo un promedio de 13 ganglios con un rango entre 9 y 18. El tiempo quirúrgico promedio fue de 124 minutos. De las complicaciones, un 50 por ciento de estas (n = 3) se debieron a sangrado de más de 1.000 mL. La tasa de conversión en nuestra serie es de 16,6 por ciento (5 casos). El promedio de días con drenaje fue de 4,09 días con rango entre 2 y 9 días. No hubo mortalidad a 60 días. Conclusión: En la serie presentada se evidencia que la lobectomía por VATS es equivalente a la toracotomía con respecto al número de complicaciones. Creemos como equipo que presenta beneficios en el tiempo de recuperación del paciente.

Empiema pleural en 343 casos con tratamiento quirúrgico: características, resultados inmediatos y factores asociados a morbilidad y mortalidad / Pleural empyema: retrospective review of 343 patients

Background: Pleural empyema still has a dismal prognosis. Aim: To describe features and prognostic factors of patients with pleural empyema subjected to surgical procedures. Material and Methods: Retrospective review of 343 patients with pleural empyema (mean age 52 years, 71 percent males), that were subjected to any type of surgical procedure. Criteria for diagnosis of empyema were a positive culture, a fluid pH of less than 7.2 or a compatible macroscopic appearance of the fluid. Results: Empyema was secondary to pneumonia in 243 patients (71 percent, secondary to surgical procedures in 41 patients (12 percent), secondary to trauma in 19 patients (5.5 percent), secondary to a lung abscess in 10 patients (3 percent), tuberculous in 10 patients (3 percent), neoplastic in two cases (0.6 percent), secondary to pneumothorax in 2 cases (0.6 percent) and of unknown origin in 13 patients (4 percent). A microorganism was isolated from pleural fluid in 89 patients (26 percent). The surgical procedures performed were 251 decortications by thoracotomy (73 percent), 70 pleurotomies (20 percent), 11 video assisted surgeries (3 percent), seven decortications with lung resections and four fenestrations. Complications were recorded in 104 patients (30 percent), 29 patients were re-operated (8.5 percent) and 31 died (10 percent), all due to sepsis. Conclusions: The main cause of pleural empyema is pneumonia. In most patients, microorganisms are not isolated from pleural fluid, thoracotomy with decortication is the most frequent surgical procedure. There is a high rate of complications and mortality.

Objetivos: Describir características, resultados inmediatos y evaluar factores asociados a morbi-mortalidad de Empiema Pleural (EP) con tratamiento quirúrgico. Método: Revisión retrospectiva. Período: enero 2000 - agosto 2006. Se describen características, resultados inmediatos y factores asociados a morbi-mortalidad. Se utilizó programa SPSS 15.0. Se consideró significativo p < 0,05. Resultados: 343 pacientes, 243 (70,8 por ciento) hombres (relación 2,4:1), edad promedio 51,7 años. Etiología: 242 (70,6 por ciento) paraneumónico, 41 (12,0 por ciento) postquirúrgico, 19 (5,5 por ciento) postraumático, 10 (2,9 por ciento) absceso pulmonar, 10 (2,9 por ciento) tuberculoso, 6 (1,7 por ciento) neoplásico, 2 (0,6 por ciento) neumotórax y 13 (3,8 por ciento) desconocido. Se aisló germen en líquido pleural en 89 (25,9 por ciento). Se realizaron: 251 (73,2 por ciento) decorticaciones por toracotomía, 70 (20,4 por ciento) pleurotomías, 11 (3,2 por ciento) cirugías video-asistidas, 7 (2,1 por ciento) decorticaciones con resección pulmonar y 4 (1,2 por ciento) fenestraciones. Presentaron complicaciones 104 (30,3 por ciento) pacientes. Se reoperaron 29 (8,5 por ciento). Fallecieron 31 (9,6 por ciento), todos por sepsis. Se encontraron variables asociadas a morbi-mortalidad. Conclusiones: El EP tiene como causa más frecuente el empiema paraneumónico seguido de los postoperatorios, en la mayoría no se identifican gérmenes en líquido pleural. La toracotomía con decorticación es el procedimiento quirúrgico más frecuente. El EP tiene una considerable morbi-mortalidad. Se identifican variables asociadas a morbilidad y mortalidad.

Trauma de tórax / Chest trauma

El traumatismo de tórax es una situación altamente desafiante en el manejo de urgencia. Requiere conocimientos de las complicaciones que pueden poner en riesgo vital al paciente en pocos minutos como de un adecuado manejo primario de las complicaciones que se pueden presentar en el mediano y largo plazo. De la mortalidad total del trauma, un 75 por ciento se debe a trauma torácico como causa primaria o como elemento contribuyente. Es por esto que el manejo de estas lesiones torácicas es esencial en el trabajo de urgencia. Un 80 por ciento de las lesiones torácicas pueden manejarse con maniobras no quirúrgicas, pero el 15 por ciento a 20 por ciento restante requerirá manejo quirúrgico, que es altamente desafiante, por lo complejas que pueden llegar a ser las lesiones de estructuras vitales presentes en el tórax. En la siguiente revisión mostramos el manejo de las lesiones más frecuentes en traumatismo torácico y las distintas indicaciones de toracotomías que se pueden presentar en los servicios de urgencia.

Thoracic trauma is an extremely challenging situation in the emergency room. Both ER physicians and surgeons should have knowledge of how to manage immediate life threatening injuries and the related complications that can present later. The primary cause or contributing element of seventy five percent of trauma related mortality is thoracic injury. Eighty percent of thoracic injuries can be managed non-surgically. The remaining 15 percent to 20 per cent will require challenging surgical procedures, due to the involvement of vital organs and vessels. In this review, we present the management of the most common trauma related thoracic injuries that can present in the ER and the different indications for thoracotomy.

Malformación arteriovenosa pulmonar: características clínicas, diagnóstico y rol del tratamiento quirúrgico en pacientes tratados con cirugía resectiva pulmonar / Pulmonary arteriovenous malformation: clinical features, diagnosis and role of surgical management in patients with lung resection surgery

Introducción: Las malformaciones arteriovenosas pulmonares (MAVP) son infrecuentes y la cirugía tiene un rol en casos seleccionados. Objetivos: Describir las características clínicas, métodos diagnósticos y rol del tratamiento quirúrgico en pacientes tratados con cirugía por MAVP. Materialy Método: Revisión retrospectiva, incluyendo todos los pacientes con diagnóstico de MAVP en quienes se realizó cirugía en el Instituto Nacional del Tórax, desde febrero de 2005 a febrero de 2010. El seguimiento fue por control médico o contacto telefónico. Resultados: Se analizó 8 pacientes, seis mujeres (relación 3:1), edad entre 16 y 68 años. Los síntomas y signos más frecuentes fueron: disnea, cianosis y acropaquia. La localización más frecuente fue el lóbulo inferior derecho. Cuatro pacientes tenían MAVP múltiples y cuatro cumplían con criterios de Enfermedad de Rendu-Osler-Weber Seis tenían policitemia y dos anemia. La radiografía fue anormal en todos los casos y la tomogrqfía computada definió la anatomía en siete. Angiogrqfia se realizó en tres casos. Dos tenían ecocardiograma con contraste y cuatro cintigrama. La cirugía más frecuente fue la lobectomía. La indicación de cirugía fue: tamaño de la MAVP en cinco, falla de embolización en dos y hallazgo intra operatorio en uno, intervenido por otra razón. Uno presentó hemorragia post-operatoria. La estadía post-operatoria fue entre 2 y 10 días. No hubo mortalidad. En el último control todos los pacientes estaban asintomáticos. Conclusión: Las MAVPpueden presentarse en un amplio espectro clínico y anatómico. Pueden generar síntomas y complicaciones graves, por esto se recomienda tratarlas. El estudio pre-operatorio se basa en demostrar el shunt y en determinar las características anatómicas de la lesión. En algunos casos seleccionados está indicada la cirugía resectiva pulmonar.

Background: Pulmonary arteriovenous malformations (PA VM) are rare and surgery has a role only in selected cases. Our objectives are to describe clinical features, diagnostic methods and role of surgical treatment in patients with PA VM. Methods: Retrospective review of all patients with PA VM, in whom surgery was performed in our institution, from February 2005 to February 2010. The follow up controls were done through physician or telephone contact. Results: 8 patients, six females (3:1), aged between 16-68 years were analyzed. Most common sigiis and symptoms were dyspnea, cyanosis and clubbing. Right lower lobe was the most frequent location. Four had multiple PA VM and four met criteria for Rendu-Osler- Weber disease. Six patients had polycythemia and two anemia. Radiography was abnormal in all and computed tomography defined anatomy in seven. Angiography was performed in three, two had contrasted echocardiography and four had scintigraphy. Most common surgical treatment was lobectomy. Indications for surgery were the size of PA VM in five cases, failure of embolization in two and one because of intra-operative findings, without a previous diagrwsis. One had postoperative bleeding. Discharge was between day 2 and 10 days after surgery. There was no mortality. At their last control all patients were asymptomatic. Conclusion: PA VM presents a wide and varied range of clinical and anatomical findings. They can cause major symptoms and serious complications, which justify their treatment. The preoperative study is based primarily on demonstrating the shunt and determining the anatomical characteristics of the lesion. In selected cases lung resection surgery is indicated.